Calanthe arcuata var. breviflora Z.H.Tsi; C. caudatilabella Hayata; C. caudatilabella var. latiloba F.Maek. ex. Yamam.

Plants ca. 45 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 14–28 × 1–3 cm, apex acute or acuminate, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 3–10 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, ca. 42 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 10–20 cm laxly 10-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, 10–15 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 7–10 mm across, widely opening, white to yellowish green, sepals and petals with reddish brown striations, pedicel and ovary arcuate, 1–2 cm, densely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, narrowly lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–3 mm, apex acuminate. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, linear, 10–15 × 2–2.5 mm, apex acuminate. Lip adnate to column wings, trowel-shaped, 10–15 × 4–6 mm, distinctly 3-lobed or only obscurely lobed; lateral lobes ovate-triangular, 5–6 × 4–6 mm, apex acute; mid-lobe elliptic-rhombic, 6–10 × 5–7 mm, margin crenate, apex aristate; disk with 3–5 ridges; spur cylindric, arcuate, 3–5 mm. Column 4–5 mm. Capsule fusiform.

 Distribution: Nepal, Tibetan Plateau, SE Asia and C Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 2,000–2,100 m. 

Ecology: Dense forests and forest margins, rock cervices. 

Flowering: June–July.  Fruiting: August–October.

Alismorchis brevicornu (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe brevicornu var. wattii Hook.f.; C. lamellosa Rolfe; C. yunnanensis Rolfe

Plants 45–60 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs ovoid, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 14–34 × 4–7 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 5–21 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 17–45 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 18–25 cm, laxly 4–10-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–3 mm, apex acuminate. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–4 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 20–40 mm across, widely opening, brick red, with white striations, pedicel and ovary 1–2.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 15–20 × 4–6 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, lanceolate, 12–15 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to base of column, somewhat oblong, 10–20 × 5–10 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes obliquely oblong, 6 × 4 mm, apex truncate; mid-lobe reniform, 11 × 11 mm, margin undulate, apex emarginate, disk with 3 lamellae; spur conic, ca. 2 mm. Column 4–5 mm. Capsule clavate.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and Assam-Burma.

 Altitudinal range: 1,500–2,600 m.

 Ecology: Humus riches slopes or at the base of moss covered tree trunks.

 Flowering: May–June.  Fruiting: July–October.

Alismorchis chloroleuca Kuntze; Calanthe galeata Lindl.

Plants 30–50 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs cylindric to ovoid-conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 15–32 × 3–10 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 10–22 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 20–35 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 10–18 cm, laxly 5–10-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 7–10 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Floral bracts lanceolate, 6–11 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 30–50 mm across, widely opening, greenish, lip white, pedicel and ovary 1–2.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 15–20 × 4–6 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, oblanceolate, 12–15 × 3–4 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to column base, broadly oblong, 15–20 × 5–10 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, 10 × 12 mm, apex obtuse; mid-lobe broadly ovate, 10 × 15 mm, margin undulate, apex widely emarginate, disk with 2 calli; spur cylindric, arcuate, ca. 10 mm. Column ca. 6 mm. Capsule fusiform.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1,500–2,400 m.

Ecology: Shady forests and forest margins.

Flowering: April–June.  Fruiting: July–September.

Alismorchis pachystalix (Rchb.f. ex. Hook.f.)  Kuntze; Calanthe ensifolia Rolfe; C. matsudae Hayata; C. pachystalix Rchb.f. ex. Hook.f.

Plants 30–94 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs conic-cylindric, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves linear to ensiform, 20–64 × 0.8–3.8 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 10–25 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 30–92 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 10–31 cm, laxly to densely 10–40-flowered. Sterile bracts ovate, 2–3 × 0.5–1 cm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–15 × 1–2 mm, apex acute. Flowers ca. 15 mm across, widely opening, yellowish green, pedicel and ovary 2.5–3 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal reflexed, subelliptic, 5–7 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals reflexed, oblong-oblanceolate, 6–8 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to column wings, broadly triangular, 5–9 × 5–8 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, 5 × 6 mm, apex truncate, obtuse; mid-lobe triangular, 6 × 8 mm, margin undulate, apex divided into 2 lobules, lobules suboblong, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm; disk with clusters of calli; spur cylindric, arcuate, 5–11 mm. Column ca. 4 mm. Capsule ellipsoid.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2,000–2,100 m.

Ecology: Dense forests on humus rich slopes.

Flowering: June–July.  Fruiting: August–September.

Alismorchis densiflora (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe kazuoi Yamam.

Plants 30–40 cm tall. Rhizome distinct, creeping, fusiform, base with scatter roots. Pseudobulbs cylindric, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 20–38 × 4–5 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 5–10 cm. Scape arising from apex of rhizome, ca. 17 cm, shorter than the leaves, rachis less than 2 cm laxly 4–5-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 20–25 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 15–20 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Flowers 15–20 mm across, widely opening, yellow, pedicel and ovary 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, oblong, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, apex aristate. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, spatulate, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to base of column wings, ovate-orbicular, 6–10 × 6–8 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes ovate-triangular, 5 × 3 mm, apex obtuse; mid-lobe subquadrate, 5 × 4 mm, margin entire, apex emarginate; disk with 2 lamellae; spur cylindric, slightly arcuate, 5–10 mm. Column 5–8 mm. Capsule not seen.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and SE Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 1,000–3,000 m.

 Ecology: Forest margins on litter cover moist slopes.

 Flowering: August–September.  Fruiting: September–October.

Calanthe anjanae S.Z.Lucksom; C. tangmaiensis K.Y.Lang & Y.Tateishi

Plants 18–30 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 8–11 × 1–3 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 6–10 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, ca. 20 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis ca. 13 cm, laxly to densely 5–10-flowered. Sterile bracts ovate, 7–10 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, 4–10 × 2–3 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 5–10 mm across, widely opening, greenish with yellowish lip, pedicel and ovary 1–1.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, elliptic, 15–20 × 8–10 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, oblong-elliptic, 10–15 × 4–6 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to base of column wings, oblong, 10–15 × 4–7 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, 7 × 4 mm, apex truncate; mid-lobe broadly triangular, 8 × 11 mm, margin undulate, apex emarginate; disk with a triangular lamella; spur cylindric, straight, 5–6 mm. Column ca. 8 mm. Capsule not seen.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and SE Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 2,200–2,300 m.

Ecology: Dense forests near damp or moist places.

Flowering: May.  Fruiting: June–September.

Plants 20–32 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs cylindric, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 12–28 × 1–2 cm, apex acuminate, subsessile, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 2–6 cm. Scape arising from axil of leaf, 20–27 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 6–9 cm, laxly 3–5-flowered. Sterile bracts absent. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–15 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers ca. 15 mm across, widely opening, yellowish green, markings with reddish brown striations, pedicel and ovary 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, lanceolate, 8–11 × 2–3 mm, apex acuminate. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal, slightly oblique. Petals not reflexed, obliquely lanceolate, 8–10 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Lip free from column wings, entire, more or less similar to petals, oblong-lanceolate, 9–11 × 2–3 mm, apex acuminate to aristate; disk without callus or lamella; spur absent. Column 4–5 mm. Capsule ellipsoid.

 Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

 Altitudinal range: 2,200 m.

 Ecology: Forest margins in moist shady slopes.

 Flowering: August.  Fruiting: August–September.

Alismorchis mannii Kuntze; Calanthe brachychila Gagnep.; C. pusilla Finet

Plants 20–52 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs cylindric or conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 14–50 × 1–5 cm, apex acute, subsessile or petiole-like base and tubular sheath 6–14 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 20–46 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 7–17 cm, laxly 10–20-flowered. Sterile bracts absent. Floral bracts lanceolate, 3–7 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acute. Flowers 5–10 mm across, only half opening, dark brown, with golden yellow lip, pedicel and ovary 1–2 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, oblong-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–2 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, lanceolate, 6–7 × 2–3 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to column wings, oblong, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes broadly ovate, 1–2 × 1–1.5 mm, apex rounded; mid-lobe reniform, 1–2 × 2–3 mm, margin entire, apex emarginate; disk with 3 ridges; spur cylindric, not arcuate, ca. 2 mm. Column 2–3 mm. Capsule ellipsoid.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and SE Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 1,800–2,400 m.

 Ecology: Forests or forest thickets on humus-rich areas.

 Flowering: April–May.  Fruiting: June–September.

Bletia masuca D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.:30 (1825); Alismorchis masuca (D. Don) Kuntze; Calanthe furcata Bateman ex. Lindl.; C. kintaroi Yamam.

 Plants 40–70 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs conic-cylindric, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves elliptic, 12–30 × 4.5–7.5 cm, apex acuminate, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 8–14 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 45–70 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 7–17 cm, laxly 10–15-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 0.5–1 cm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–20 mm, apex acute. Flowers 20–30 mm across, widely opening, pinkish with purple lip, pedicel and ovary 2.5–3.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, ovate-elliptic, 15–25 × 5–10 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals oblong, 20–28 × 5–9 mm, apex acute. Petals not reflexed, elliptic-ovate, 15–20 × 9–12 mm, apex subacute. Lip adnate to the column base, broadly ovate-cordate, 10–15 × 5–14 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes falcate-lanceolate, 5 × 2 mm, apex obtuse; mid-lobe reniform, 10–14 mm, margin entire, apex emarginate; disk with wart-like lamellae; spur cylindric, arcuate, 25–50 mm. Column ca. 5 mm. Capsule clavate.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, S Asia, E Asia, SE Asia and Africa.

 Altitudinal range: 1,500–2,800 m.

 Ecology: Forest margins on shady slopes.

 Flowering: April–May.  Fruiting: June–September.

Plants ca. 34 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 12–25 × 3–7 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 2–6 cm. Scape arising from leaf axils, ca. 22–33 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 7–14 cm, laxly 5–10-flowered. Sterile bracts 10–20 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–20 × 2–4 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 15–20 mm across, widely opening, pink, pedicel and ovary 1.5–2.5 mm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, elliptic, 10–15 × 5–7 mm, apex apiculate. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, 10–15 × 6–7 mm, apex apiculate. Petals not reflexed, linear, 11–12 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to column wings, oblong, 10–13 × 6–10 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes ovate-triangular, 5–7 × 5–7 mm, apex subacute; mid-lobe cuneate, 5–6 × 5–6 mm, margin fimbriate, apex apiculate; disk with 3 ridges; spur cylindric, straight, 6–9 mm. Column 4–5 mm. Capsule fusiform.

Distribution: Nepal, Tibetan Plateau and C Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2,000–2,300 m.

Ecology: Cloud forests near water channels.

Flowering: July–August.  Fruiting: August–September.

Alismorchis lindleyana Kuntze

Plants 30–60 cm tall. Rhizome short, caespitose, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves broadly ovate-elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 25–40 × 3–13 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 6–20 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 15–40 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 6–21 cm, laxly 4–30-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 6–10 × 2–3 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 4–12 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute. Flowers 20–40 mm across, widely opening, pinkish, pedicel and ovary 1.5–3 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 10–20 × 5–6 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, lanceolate, 10–15 × 3–5 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to the column wings, oblong, 10–15 × 10–12 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes subquardate, 5–7 mm, apex obtuse; mid-lobe suboblong, 5 × 7 mm, margin entire, apex emarginate; disk with 3 ridges; spur cylindric, arcuate, 10–25 mm. Column ca. 6 mm. Capsule ellipsoid.

Distribution: Nepal and E Himalaya.

 Altitudinal range: 1,500–2,200 m.

 Ecology: Forest margins along damp areas.

 Flowering: March.  Fruiting: April–August.

Alismorchis puberula (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe amoena W.W.Sm.; C. lepida W.W.Sm.

 Plants 20–35 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs cylindric to ovoid-conic, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 10–30 × 2–6 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 5–15 cm. Scape arising from near apex of pseudobulb, 10–26 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 6–16 cm, laxly 4–10-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 10–25 × 2–3 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–20 × 1–3 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 20–30 mm across, widely opening, pinkish, pedicel and ovary 1.5–2.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 15–20 × 4–6 mm, apex acuminate. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal, oblique. Petals not reflexed, linear, 10–15 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Lip adnate to base of column wings, oblong, 10–15 × 5–10 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes falcately oblong, 5–8 mm, apex obtuse; mid-lobe ovate, 7–10 × 4–6, margin serrate, apex acute; disk without callus or lamella; spur absent. Column 5–6 mm. Capsule fusiform.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, E Asia and SE Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 1,800–2,500 m.

 Ecology: Forest thickets, damp places or seepage banks.

 Flowering: June–August.  Fruiting: July–September.

Centrosis sylvatica Thouars, Hist. Orchid., Table. Esp.:36 (1822)

Limodorum tankervilliae Banks, Limodorum tankervilliae [plate] (1788); Bletia tancarvilleae (Banks) R.Br.; Limodorum tancarvilleae (Banks) L’Hér.; L. tankervilleae Aiton nom. superfl.; Phaius grandifolius Lour.; P. tankervilleae (Banks) Blume

Plants 50–60 cm tall. Rhizome not seen. Pseudobulbs conic, ovoid, or subglobose, not covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, 20–33 × 2–4 cm, apex acuminate, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 10–15 cm. Scape arising from base of pseudobulb, 40–60 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 10–20 cm, laxly 4–10-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 40–50 × 3–4 mm, acute to acuminate. Floral bracts lanceolate, 20–30 × 10–20 mm, apex acute. Flowers 35–50 mm across, widely opening, sepals and petals whitish outside, burnt umber inside, pedicel and ovary 1–3 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, oblong-lanceolate, 20–30 × 4–5 mm, apex acuminate. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, lanceolate-oblong, 20–25 × 5–10 mm, apex acute. Lip free from column wings, broadly rhombic-ovate, 15–20 × 15–20 mm, shallowly 3-lobed; lateral lobes widely elliptic, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, apex rounded; mid-lobe orbicular, 10–15 × 4–6 mm, margin undulate, apex emarginate; disk with 2–3 ridges; spur cylindric, slightly arcuate, 4–5 mm. Column 10–13 mm. Capsule clavate.

 Distribution: Nepal, C Asia and Australasia.

 Altitudinal range: 700–1,800 m.

 Ecology: Shady forests, damp places.

 Flowering: March–June.  Fruiting: June–September.

Alismorchis tricarinata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe lamellata Hayata; C. occidentalis Lindl.; C. pantlingii Schltr.; Paracalanthe lamellata (Hayata) Kudô; P. tricarinata (Lindl.) Kudô

 Plants 20–60 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs ovoid, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, 15–30 × 3–8 cm, apex acute, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 4–20 cm. Scape arising from leaf axil, 30–50 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 6–22 cm, laxly 4–25-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–2 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 5–15 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute. Flowers 10–15 mm across, widely opening, pale yellow with reddish brown lip, pedicel and ovary 1–2 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, lanceolate, 10–20 × 3–5 mm, apex acute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, lanceolate, 10–14 × 4–5 mm, apex acute. Lip adnate to base of column wings, oblong, 10–15 × 10–12 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes suborbicular, 4–5 × 3–5 mm; mid-lobe reniform, 8–10 × 10–12 mm, margin undulate, apex emarginate; disk with crested lamellae, spur absent. Column ca. 6 mm. Capsule fusiform.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and C Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1,500–3,200 m.

Ecology: Forest or forest margins on shady and moist slopes.

Flowering: May–July.  Fruiting: July–September.

Calanthe nipponica Makino

Plants 30–65 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs cylindric, covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 7–35 × 1–3 cm, apex acute to acuminate, sessile. Scape arising from leaf axil, 20–63 cm, overtopping the leaves, rachis 10–20 cm, laxly 3–12-flowered. Sterile bracts lanceolate, 10–25 × 2–4 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, 10–30 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Flowers 10–15 mm across, widely opening, pale green, sepals and petals with brown striations, pedicel and ovary 1.5–2.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Dorsal sepal not reflexed,, elliptic-lanceolate, 10–15 × 4–5 mm, apex acuminate. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 10–14 × 4–5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals not reflexed, linear 10–12 × 1–2 mm, apex acuminate. Lip adnate to entire length of column wings, trowel-shaped, 6–12 × 4–5 mm, entire, margin slightly undulate, apex acuminate; disk with 2–3 lamellae; spur cylindric, not arcuate, ca. 2 mm. Column ca. 5 mm. Capsule ellipsoid.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and SE Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 2,300–2,600 m.

 Ecology: Dense forest or forest margins on shady slopes.

 Flowering: July.  Fruiting: July–September.

Bletia woodfordii Hook., Bot. Mag. 54 Pl.2719 (1827); Bletia flava (Blume) Wall. ex. Lindl.; Limodorum flavum Blume; Phaius flavus (Blume) Lindl.; P. maculatus Lindl.; P. woodfordii (Hook.) Merr.

Plants 30–50 cm tall. Rhizome indistinct, base with cluster of roots. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, not covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves ovate-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 20–30 × 5–10 cm, apex acuminate, petiole-like base and tubular sheath 4–9 cm. Scape arising from basal or lower nodes of pseudobulb, shorter than the leaves, 30–45 cm, rachis ca. 10 cm, laxly 4–6-flowered. Sterile bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2–5 × 1–1.5 cm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, 20–50 × 7–15 mm, apex obtuse. Flowers 30–45 mm across, only half opening, yellow with orange or brown marks on lip, pedicel and ovary 2–3 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal not reflexed, oblong-obovate, 20–40 × 6–12 mm, apex subacute. Lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal. Petals not reflexed, oblong-elliptic, 20–35 × 7–15 mm, apex obtuse-subacute. Lip free from column wings, obovate, 20–35 × 20–35 mm, shallowly 3-lobed; lateral lobes subobovate, ca. 15–20 × 7–10 mm, apex rounded-truncate; mid-lobe orbicular, ca. 8–10 × 8–10 mm, margin undulate, apex emarginate; disk with 3–4 ridges; spur conic, slightly arcuate, 5–6 mm. Column 12–20 mm. Capsule not seen.

 Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, SE Asia and C Asia.

 Altitudinal range: 300–2,000 m.

 Ecology: Shaded areas, damp places.

 Flowering: April–August.  Fruiting: July–September.