Plants 3.5–7 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–1.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs clavate to obovoid, 15–2 × 7–10 mm, 2–3 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 4–5 mm; lamina elliptic, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, apex rounded, retuse. Inflorescence solitary, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 2.5–3.5 cm. Peduncle with distant sheathed bracts, 1–1.5 cm; rachis reduced, 5 mm, 1-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate, ca. 3–4 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3–4 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers white with red striations, 15–20 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 8–15 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 10–12 × 6–9 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular, 10–14 × 6–11 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals triangular 4–5 × 2–3 mm, apex acute to acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lip elliptic, 6–12 × 5–6 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex rounded, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–3 mm, foot 10–15 mm with 5–8 mm free; stelidia deltoid to triangular, 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 20–25 × 10–15 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1200–1500 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic in forests or epilithic on rocks.

Flowering: November–December. Fruiting: March–April.

Bulbophyllum cirrhopetaloides Griff.

Plants 6–9 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–2 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 8–15 × 5–10 mm, 3–4 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 3–10 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 4.5–7.5 × 1–1.2 cm, apex acute to acuminate, obliquely unequally emarginate. Inflorescence racemose, arising from node of rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, pendent, 4–9 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 3–5.5 cm; rachis straight, 1.5–3 cm, 3–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5–7 × 2 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 2–3 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flower sepals purple with green margin, petals pale purple with yellowish base, lip purple with a yellowish-white apex; 5–7 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2.5–4 mm, glabrous, with 4 × 0.5 mm obliquely filiform jugae. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 5 × 2 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 6–7 × 4 mm, base adnate to column foot, lower half connivent, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals spathulate, 3 × 2 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × 3 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex acute, margin fimbriate, apical half pubescent. Column 2 mm, foot 1.5–2 × 1 mm with 1 mm free; stelidia linear, 1.5–2 mm. Fruit not seen.    

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1500–2000 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks or large branches.

Flowering: July–September. Fruiting: October–Novmber.

Anisopetalon careyanum Hook., Exot. Fl. 2: t. 149 (1825).

Plants 10–14 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-globose, 1.5–5 × 1.5–3 cm, 3–11 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 0.5–2 cm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 5–17 × 0.5–3 cm, apex obtuse, obliquely emarginate. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at the base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, arcuate, 5–15 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 3–7 cm; rachis suberect, 2–10 cm, densely up to 60-flowered. Peduncle bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate, 7–20 × 5–8 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–7 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flower sepals and petals orange-yellow with brown spots, lip yellow; 5–7 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 4–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 × 2.5–3 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 4–5 × 1 mm, apex aristate, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 4–5 × 2 mm, 3-lobed, deflexed; lateral lobes linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acute, margin entire; mid-lobe oblong, 2.5–3 × 2 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, finely papilliate-ciliate towards apical portion. Column 2–2.5 mm, foot 2 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia falcately triangular, shortly hooked, aristate, 2 mm. Fruit ovoid, 1–1.5 × 5 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 600–1200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: September–November. Fruiting: December–April.

Plants 8–17 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb.  Pseudobulbs ovoid, 10–25 × 10–15 mm, contiguous, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaves 2, petiole 5–10 mm; lamina broadly elliptic, 7.5–17 × 15–40 mm, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from node of rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, pendent, 8–18 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 6–14 cm; rachis hooked downwards, 3–5 cm, 6–14-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 10–17 × 2–2.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 2.3–4 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers yellowish, 5 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, 4 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-oblong, 4–5 × 1.5 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 3 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 4 mm, foot 2 mm with 1 mm free; stelidia deltoid, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 7–10 × 5–6 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1300–1800 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests or epilithic on mossy rocks.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: October–November.

Cirrhopetalum caudatum (Lindl.) King & Pantl.

Plants 3–5 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–1.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 5–10 × 4–10 mm, 2–4.5 cm apart on rhizome, erect, usually sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 2–5 mm; lamina ovate-lanceolate, 1–3.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescence subumbellate, arising from nodes of rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 1–2.5 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 1–2 cm; rachis reduced, 7–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate, 6–10 × 2–3 mm, apex acuminate. Floral bracts lanceolate, equal or longer than pedicel and ovary, 3–4 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers white, 15 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–2.5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, 3 × 1.5 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, free, apex filiform caudate, margin entire, glabrous.  Petals oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip oblong, ca. 1.5–2 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column ca. 0.5 mm, foot 1 mm, entirely free; stelidia triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 7–10 × 5 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau and Assam-Burma.

Altitudinal range: 1500–1800 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in evergreen broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: October–November.

Phyllorkis cauliflora (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Plants 10–14 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs obliquely cylindric, 2–3 × 0.4–0.7 cm, 4–6 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5–10 mm; lamina oblong, 5–10 × 1.5–2 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence subumbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb or from node of rhizome, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 2–3 cm. Peduncle with overlapped sheathed bracts at base, 1.5–2 cm; rachis reduced, 3–4 mm, 3–5-flowered.  Peduncle bracts ovate, 5–7 × 2 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, equal or exceeding the pedicel and ovary, ca. 4 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green with flushed brown, 6–9 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 4–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, 6–10 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acuminate-caudate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals falcately linear-lanceolate, 6–10 × 1.5–2 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acuminate-caudate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 3–5 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lip lanceolate, ca. 2–3 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1–1.5 mm; foot 1–2 mm, with ca. 0.5 mm free; stelidia filiform, ca. 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10–15 × 10 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau and Assam-Burma.

Altitudinal range: 800–1800 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic in rock crevices in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: July–September. Fruiting: November.

Ione cirrhata Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 2: 1 (1853); Bulbophyllum purpureofuscum J.J.Verm., Schuit. & de Vogel; Sunipia cirrhata (Lindl.) P.F.Hunt

Plants (4–)15–37 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic to obpyriform, 1–3 × 0.7–2 cm, 0.7–3 cm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole (0.5–)1–2 cm; lamina oblong to elliptic, (4.5–)9–16 × 1–2.5 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from node of rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, (3.5–)15–37 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, (3–)10–23 cm; rachis straight, (1–)6–12 cm, 4–8-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 1–2 × 1 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts shorter than pedicel and ovary, (7–)15–22 × 6 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers white with purple striations, lip purple; 15–20 mm long, fully open. Pedicel and ovary (5–)10–15 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 16–22 × 4–5 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 15–26 × 5–10 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above apart from apex, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals broadly ovate, 3–4 × 3–4 mm, apex obtuse, margin erose, glabrous. Lip lanceolate, 14–18 × 4–6 mm, slightly deflexed, unlobed, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, foot 3 mm with 1 mm free; stelidia ca. 0.5-1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 25 × 6 mm.    

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1400–2200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in evergreen open forests.

Flowering: October–November. Fruiting: February–April.

Monomeria crabo C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 143 (1874); Monomeria barbata Lindl.; Epicranthes barbata (Lindl.) Rchb.f.

Plants 15–30 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 5–6 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid to oblong, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 4–8 cm; lamina oblong, 12–21 × 2–4 cm, apex obtuse and retuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from node of rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, arching, (6–)13–34 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 7–22 cm; rachis erect or suberect, (2–) 6–16 cm, 4–7-flowered.  Peduncle bracts ovate, 10–20 × 4–5 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Floral bracts ovate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish, tinged with reddish purple; 10–20 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 10–20 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 10–15 × 4–5 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 15–18 × 5–7 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above, apex acute, margin entire, irregularly pubescent. Petals obliquely triangular, 3 × 2 mm, apex acute, margin erose or slightly fimbriate, glabrous. Lip ovate-oblong, 7–9 × 2.5–3 mm, deflexed, 3-lobed; lateral lobes falcately linear, ca. 5 × 2 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous; mid-lobe oblong-ligulate, ca. 6 × 4 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 4–5 mm, foot 5–9 mm with 2–2.5 mm free; stelidia deltoid, 1 × 1 mm. Fruit oblong, 40 × 16 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1400–1800 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests.

Flowering: November. Fruiting: December–April.

Phyllorkis crassipes (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Plants 15–20 cm tall.  Rhizome sheathed, 4–5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb.  Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic to globose, 1.5–5 × 1.5–3 cm, 5–14 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 10 mm; lamina oblong, 10–16 × 2.5–3 cm, apex obtuse and emarginate. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, arching, 6.5–10 cm. Peduncle with overlapped sheathed bracts, 1–2 cm, glabrous; rachis suberect, 2–10 cm, densely up to 70-flowered. Peduncle bracts overlapped, broadly ovate, 5–10 × 4–10 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts oblong, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse, glabrous. Flower sepals yellow, petals white, lip purpulish red; 4–5 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–4 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal elliptic, 4–5 × 2.5–3 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × 3–4 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5–3 × 1 mm, apex acuminate-aristate, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, deflexed, 2.5–3 × 2 mm, obscurely 3-lobed; lateral lobes orbicular, 1 × 1 mm, apex rounded, margin dentate, glabrous; mid-lobe oblong, ca. 2 × 2 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2–2.5 mm, foot 1.5–2, with 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, not hooked and not aristate, 1 × 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 1–1.5 × 5 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1000–1200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: Sept–October. Fruiting: November–April.

Phyllorkis cylindracea (Wall. ex Lindl.) Kuntze

Plants 17–28 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome. Pseudobulbs oblong, 3–5 × 3 mm, contiguous, erect, enclosed in reticulated sheaths. Leaf 1, petiole 4–7 cm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–4 cm, fleshy, apex obtuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from node of rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 17–27.5 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 19–23 cm; rachis suberect, 5–7 cm, up to 40-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 1 cm, apex obtuse.  Floral bracts ovate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3–4 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals dull purple, lip dark purple; 5 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 1.5–2 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, 3–4 × 2 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong, 4–5 × 1 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above apart from apex, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong-lanceolate, 2 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 3–4 × 1–2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, papillate. Column 0.5–1 mm; foot ca. 1 mm, without conspicuous free part; stelidia triangular, 1 mm. Fruit not seen. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1800–2200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic on rocks in forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: November–March.

Cirrhopetalum elatum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 775 (1890).

Plants 26–28 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs cylindric-tapered, 4–5 × 1 cm, contiguous, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 15–20 mm; lamina oblong, 15–19 × 2 cm, apex obtuse and slightly emarginate. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect or suberect, 25–27 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 26 cm; rachis reduced, 4–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 10 × 1 mm, apex subacute. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 6–9 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals yellowish, lip suffused with reddish; ca. 2 cm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 1–2 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, 15–17 × 4–5 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals obliquely ovate, 3–4 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ovate-ligulate, 5–7 × 1.5–2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column ca. 2 mm, foot 7 mm with 5 mm free; stelidia fliliform ca. 1mm. Fruit cylindric, ca. 25–35 × 7 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 900–1500 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: May–June. Fruiting: July–October.

Cirrhopetalum emarginatum Finet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 269 (1897); Bulbophyllum yoksunense J.J.Sm. var. geei (A.S.Rao & N.P.Blaker) Bennet

Plants 10–14 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs subcylindric, 3.5–4.5 × 5–10 cm, 5–17 cm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 3–5 mm; lamina elliptic-oblong, 8–10 × 1–2 cm, apex obtuse, retuse or emarginate. Inflorescence subumbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 2–5 cm. Peduncle with overlapped sheathed bracts at base, 2–5 cm; rachis reduced, ca. 1 cm, 2–3-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate, 5–10 × 5 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–8 × 2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers white with purplish red spots and striations, lip purple; 3 cm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 15–20 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 9–12 × 5 mm, apex obtuse, truncate and retuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, 20–30 × 4–6 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent at base and apex, apex caudate, margin entire, minutely papillate.  Petals suborbicular, 5–9 × 4–5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, finely pubescent. Lip ovate-oblong, 5–8 × 2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 3 mm, foot 4–5 mm with ca. 2 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 15–20 × 10 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1700–2600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in evergreen forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: November–March.

Bulbophyllum yuanyangense Z.H.Tsi; Phyllorkis eublephara (Rchb.f.) Kuntze

Plants 19–32 cm. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at or near base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 0.7–0.8 × 0.8 cm, 4–6 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 2 cm; lamina falcately oblong, 11–13 × 1.5–2 cm, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, arching, 20–33 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 18–27 cm; rachis suberect to pendent, 2–6 cm, 5–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 10–20 × 2 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–7 × 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous. Flowers sepals yellowish green, tinged with purple, petals white, lip dark purple; 7–10 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 5–6 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 6–10 × 3–4 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 6–10 × 3–4 mm, free, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals elliptic, 5 × 4 mm, apex rounded, margin erose, sparsely pubescent towards edge. Lip ovate-ligulate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 1–1.5 mm with ca. 0.5 mm free; stelidia falcately linear, ca. 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10–15 × 5 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2000–2500 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in temperate forests.

Flowering: August–September. Fruiting: October–March.

Bulbophyllum leptanthum var. gamblei Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 759 (1890).

Plants 4–8 cm tall. Rhizome without sheath, ca. 1 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs subcylindric, 7–8 × 8 mm, 3–5 cm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 3–5 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.5–0.8 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, suberect, 3–5 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 3–4 cm; rachis reduced, 3–7-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-oblong, ca. 6–10 × 1 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 4–5 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green, 10 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 4–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 5–9 × 2 mm, apex caudate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, 6–9 × 2 mm, free, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 5–7 × 2 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lip oblong-lanceolate, 2–4 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–2 mm, foot 2 mm with ca. 0.5 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 2 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10–15 × 5 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Assam-Burma and S Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1800–2400 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in evergreen forests.

Flowering: June–July. Fruiting: September–November.

Sarcopodium griffithii Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 2: 6 (1853).

Plants 4–6 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome.  Pseudobulbs obliquely ovoid to oblong, 10–20 × 3–5 mm, contiguous, prostrate on rhizome, sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 5–10 mm or rarely sessile; lamina elliptic to ovate, 2.5–4 × 0.5–0.8 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence solitary, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect, 1.5–2 cm. Peduncle with closely sheathed bracts, 0.5–1 cm; rachis reduced, 1-flowered. Peduncle bracts funnel-shaped, 5–6 × 4 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts infundibuliform, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5 × 6 mm, apex obtuse, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green with reddish purple dots, lip yellow with reddish purple spots, column yellow; 1–1.5 cm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 15–20 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal elliptic to ovate, 8–12 × 4–5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals ovate-triangular, 10–12 × 7–9 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals obovate, 8–10 × 5–6 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ovate-ligulate, 10–11 × 2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, densely villose.  Column 3–4 mm, foot 6–7 mm, without conspicuous free part; stelidia triangular, 2–2.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 15–20 × 10 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2400–2600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in temperate forests and forest margins.

Flowering: September. Fruiting: October–January.

Cirrhopetalum guttulatum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 776 (1890).

Plants 15–19 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 2–4 × 15 mm, 7–20 mm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 1–2 cm; lamina elliptic-oblong, 5–14 × 1–2.7 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect to suberect, 10–20 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 13–19 cm; rachis reduced, 4–6-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 7–10 × 2 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5 × 2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellow, spotted with red; 15 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 15–20 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 7–9 × 6–8 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 7–11 × 4–6 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals broadly ovate-triangular, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm, apex shortly mucronate, margin entire, glabrous. Lip subovate, ca. 4–5 × 2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, emarginate, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2–3 mm, foot 4–5 mm with 2 mm free; stelidia filiform 1.5–2 mm. Fruit ovoid, 40 × 15 mm.  

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1000–2200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: August–September. Fruiting: October–December.

Phyllorkis helenae Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 676 (1891).

Plants 15–21 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 5–7 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome. Pseudobulbs cylindric-ovoid, 3–4 × 1 cm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed.  Leaf 1, petiole 1–2 cm; lamina linear-oblong, 11–16 × 1.4–1.6 cm, apex obtuse, retuse. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 6–12 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 6–11 cm; rachis reduced, 4–11-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 7–10 × 2 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–6 × 2 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers yellowish with red purple spots, 2.5–3 cm, half open. Pedicel and ovary 7–11 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 5–6 × 3 mm, apex obtuse, margin slightly erose, glabrous. Lateral sepals falcately lanceolate, 2.5–3 × 3 mm, base shortly adnate to column foot, fully connivent above, apex subacute, margin entire, base sparsely pubescent. Petals ovate, 1–1.5 × 1 mm, apex acute-aristate, margin entire, sparsely pubescent. Lip oblong, ca. 3–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous.  Column 1.5–2 mm, foot 1.5–2 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 1 mm. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, 15–20 × 5 mm.  

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, E Asia, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 900–1200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: August. Fruiting: October–January.

Stelis hirta Sm. Rees, Cycl. 34: n. 11 (1816); Phyllorkis hirta (Sm.) Kuntze

Plants 21–38 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 1–3 × 0.5–1 cm, 5–15 mm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaves 2, petiole 5 mm; lamina oblong, 13–15 × 2.5–4 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at the base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect to suberect, 20–37 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 12–24 cm; rachis nodding, 7–15 cm, up to 60-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-oblong, 8–10 × 2–4 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3–5 × 1 mm, apex acute, pubescent. Flowers sepals and petals white, lip light yellow; 6–7 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 1.5–2.5 mm, pubescent. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 5–6 × 2 mm, apex acute, margin entire, abaxially pubescent. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 × 2–2.5 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, densely pubescent. Petals lanceolate, 2 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute, margin fimbriate, pubescent. Lip oblong, 3–3.5 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex retuse, margin entire, pubescent. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 2 mm with ca. 0.5 mm free; stelidia subulate, ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 7–8 × 5 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia, S Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1000–1700 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: January–February. Fruiting: June–July.

Tripudianthes khaoyaiensis (Seidenf.) Szlach. & Kras

Plants 10–15 cm tall. Rhizome 2–3 mm thick, sheathed, roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs subovoid, 10–15 × 7–10 mm, contiguous, erect, sheathless. Leaves 2, petiole ca. 5 mm or rarely sessile; lamina oblong, 6–9 × 1.2–1.5, apex acute. Inflorescences racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 6–9.5 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 4–6 cm; rachis nodding, 4–5 cm, 6–14-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-oblong, 5–7 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, longer than pedicel and ovary, 3–5 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green with purplish red lip, 3 cm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, 6–7 × 2 mm, apex long acuminate, margin entire, surface above sparsely pubescent. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 25–30 × 4 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above, apex obtuse, margin entire, base papillate. Petals narrowly triangular, 4 × 1 mm, apex long acuminate, margin entire, sparsely hairy. Lip ligulate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, surface above hairy. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 1 mm without conspicuous free part; stelidia subulate, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10 × 5 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1100–1500 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in open, broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: April. Fruiting: June–August.

Acrochaene punctata Lindl.; Phyllorkis kingii (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Plants 15–30 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 4–5 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 2.5–4 × 1.2–2 cm, 2–3 cm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 6–7 cm; lamina oblong, 14–19 × 3–3.5 cm, apex retuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome near or at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, pendent, 15–30 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 7–20 cm; rachis inverted, 15 cm, 5–10-flowered.  Peduncle bracts broadly ovate or lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 5–1 cm, apex acute to obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 7–16 × 1–2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flower  pale yellowish spotted with red pink, column greenish-white; 10–15 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 7–11 × 4–5 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 7–10 × 4–5 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 7–10 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute, margin fimbriate, pubescent. Lip broadly cordate-oblong, 9 × 6 mm, deflexed, 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, elliptic-orbicular, 3 × 3 mm, apex obtuse, apical margin dentate, glabrous; mid-lobe oblong, 6 × 3 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–2 mm, foot 4–4.5 mm, with less than 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10–12 × 4–5 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1500–1700 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests.

Flowering: November. Fruiting: April–May.

Dendrobium leopardinum Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 39 (1826); Sarcopodium leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. & Paxton

Plants 15–20 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb.  Pseudobulbs ovoid, oblong, 20–40 × 4–5 mm, contiguous or up to 1–2 cm apart, basal portion prostrate on rhizome, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 2–5.5 cm; lamina elliptic to obovate, 6–14.5 × 2–6 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence solitory or 2-flowered raceme, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 3–5 cm. Peduncle with overlapped sheathed bracts, 0.5–1 cm; rachis reduced, (1-)2–3-flowered. Peduncle bracts broadly ovate, 6–8 × 6 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Floral bracts infundibuliform, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 7–14 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish-green, spotted with red or purple; 15–20 mm across, half or full open. Pedicel and ovary 30–40 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal elliptic to ovate-triangular, 15–18 × 8–12 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals ovate, 15–20 × 10–12 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals lanceolate, 11–15 × 4–6 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ovate, 10–15 × 5–7 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous to rugose-verruculose. Column 4–5 mm, foot 15 mm with 6 mm free; stelidia triangular, 1.5–2 mm. Fruit ovoid, 30 × 10 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1500–2300 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests or epilithic in shaded forests.

Flowering: June–July. Fruiting: September–December.

Phyllorkis moniliformis (C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.) Kuntze

Plants 0.6–1 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs nearly globose, ca. 3–4 × 3 mm, contiguously beaded, sheathless. Leaf 1, sessile; lamina ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 3–4 mm, apex acute. Inflorescence solitary, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 5–10 mm. Peduncle with sheathed bracts, 5–8 mm; rachis reduced, 1-flowered. Peduncle bracts broadly ovate, ca. 2–2.5 × 1 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Floral bracts cup-shaped, shorter than pedicel and ovary, ca. 1 × 0.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers brownish with darker veins, 4–5 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 3–4 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm, free, apex acute, magin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong, ca. 1.5–2 × 0.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip lanceolate, 2–3 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin curved outwards at apex, entire, glabrous. Column 1.5 mm, foot 1.5 mm with ca. 0.5 mm free; stelidia filiform, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 cm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1400–1600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in shady forests.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: September–November.

Bulbophyllum hookeri (Duthie) J.J.Sm.; Cirrhopetalum hookeri Duthie

Plants 5–6 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–1.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs globose-ovoid, 6–15 × 3–10 mm, contiguous or less than 1 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 2–5 mm; lamina linear-oblong to oblong, 1.5–4 × 0.5–1 cm, apex obtuse, retuse. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 5–6 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 4–6 cm, glabrous; rachis reduced, 3–7-flowered.  Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × 2 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers orange yellow, dorsal sepal, petals and lip flushed with purple and purple spots; 15–35 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, 3–6 × 1 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, 15–35 × 4 mm, connate from base to apex, apex acute to subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals elliptic, 3 × 1 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip broadly ovate-triangular, 3 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1 mm, foot 2 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 1 mm.  Fruit oblong, 15–20 × 8–10 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2100–2400 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: October–December.

Plants 12–14 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs oblong to conical-cylindric, 20–40 × 2–5 mm, 1–4 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5 mm; lamina oblong, 4–12 × 0.8–1.5 cm, apex obtuse and slightly emarginate. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, suberect, 5–9 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 5–9 cm; rachis reduced, 6–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 7–10 × 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 4–6 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers dorsal sepal and petals pale yellow with deep violet striations, lateral sepals yellow with reddish veins at the base, lip with dark purple markings; 15–17 cm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 5–7 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal oblong, 4 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals falcately linear, 15–17 × 2 mm, base adnate to column foot, their upper and lower edges connivent, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire, sparsely papillate. Petals obliquely oblong, 3 × 1 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 2–2.5 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous apart from two strips of papillae or thin hairs towards edges. Column 1.5 mm, foot ca. 2–2.5 mm with 1 mm free; stelidia subtriangular, ca. 1.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 7–10 × 8–10 mm.

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Altitudinal range: 1600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic in evergreen forests.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: September–December.

Stelis odoratissima Sm., Rees, Cycl. 34: 12 (1814); Bulbophyllum congestum Rolfe

Plants 10–15 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1.5–2 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs subcylindric to ovoid, 1–3 × 0.5–1 cm, 2.5–8 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5 mm; lamina oblong, 5.5–9 × 1–2 cm, apex obtuse and slightly emarginate. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 10–14 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 10–14 cm; rachis reduced, 10–14-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate, 8–10 × 5 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 7–9 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals white in young stage, gradually turning into orange in apical half, lip orange yellow; 25–30 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × 2 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 25–30 × 2 mm, free, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals elliptic, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, ca. 1.5–2 × 1 mm, slightly deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, minutely glandular hairy. Column 1 mm, foot 1 mm, with ca. 0.5 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 1–15 × 5–7 cm.  

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1300–2000 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in mixed forests or epilithic in rock cervices.

Flowering: June–July. Fruiting: September–December.

Phyllorkis polyrhiza (Lindl.) Kuntze

Plants 6–10 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–1.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 5–10 × 5–8 mm, 2–2.5 mm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathless. Leaf 1, sessile; lamina narrowly oblong, 5–6 × 0.5–1 cm, apex subacute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 6–10 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 3–5 cm; rachis erect to suberect, 3–6 cm, 4–8-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate, 3 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 2–3 × 0.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals yellowish-green, lip orange yellow; 5 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal subovate, 2–3 × 2 mm, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 × 2 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals ovate-triangular, 2 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip suboblong to ligulate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, finely papillate. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot ca. 2 mm with 0.5 mm free; stelidia obliquely triangular-subulate, 0.5 mm. Fruit globose, 5 × 2.5 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, E Asia, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 900–2100 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open, evergreen, broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: March–April. Fruiting: June–August.

Sunipia nepalensis Raskoti & Ale

Plants 6–8 cm tall. Rhizomes sheathed, 1–2 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs obliquely ovoid-conic, 10–18 × 2–3 mm, 1–4 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5–7 mm; lamina ligulate-lanceolate, 3–8 × 0.7–1.5 cm, apex subacute, obscurely emarginate. Inflorescences racemose, arising from the rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, inverted, 3–6 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 2–4 cm; rachis inverted, 1–2 cm, 1–3-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 8–10 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–7 × 2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals pale greenish-white with purple striations, lip pale green with purple striations, lateral lobes whitish suffused purple; 15 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 10–12 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 7 × 2 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 9 × 4 mm, free, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals broadly ovate, 3 × 3 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip circular with a caudate apex, 6–7 × 5–6 mm, straight, unlobed, apex subacute, margin entire, papillate. Column 3 mm, foot 1.5 mm, with 0.5 mm free; stelidia inconspicuous. Fruit ovoid, 1 × 5 mm.      

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya.

Altitudinal range: 2400 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on mossy tree trunks and large branches in temperate, broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: April–May. Fruiting: June–August.

Plants 8–14 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–1.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid to conic, 10–15 × 6–10 mm, contiguous, erect, sheathless. Leaves 2, sessile; lamina oblong, 3–14 × 1–1.5 cm, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect to suberect, 6–12 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 4–8 cm; rachis nodding, 1–6 cm, 3–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-acuminate, 8–10 × 2 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate, longer than the pedicel and ovary, 2–5 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green with reddish purple spots and striations, 2–4 cm long. Pedicel and ovary 1–2 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 10 × 3 mm, apex obtuse-awned, margin entire, sparsely pubescent. Lateral sepals oblong, 25–35 × 4–5 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent throughout except above base, apex obtuse, margin entire, surface sparsely hairy. Petals triangular, 4 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, sparsely pubescent. Lip oblong, 3–5 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, upper half with purple glandular hairs. Column ca. 2 mm, foot 2 mm without conspicuous free part; stelidia triangular, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 8–10 × 6 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1400–1700 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests.

Flowering: October–November. Fruiting: December–April.

Tribrachia reptans Lindl., Coll. Bot.: t. 41 (1826); Phyllorkis reptans (Lindl.) Kuntze

Plants 5–10 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–1.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid or ovoid-conic, 0.5–2 × 5–1 mm, 5–8 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 10–15 mm; lamina oblong, 6–11 × 0.5–0.8 cm, apex obtuse or subacute, slightly emarginate. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 3.5–8 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 2–4 cm; rachis suberect, 2–7 cm, 3–6-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 4–6 × 1 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 4–6 × 1.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers pale yellow with purplish red stripes, 10 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 4–6 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 6–9 × 2.5–4 mm, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 8–10 × 2 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent with each other in lower half, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column ca. 1 mm, foot 2 mm with 1 mm free; stelidia filiform 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 6 × 3 mm.    

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1300–2500 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests.

Flowering: December–March. Fruiting: April–August.

Bulbophyllum flavisepalum Hayata; Cirrhopetalum retusiusculum (Rchb.f.) Hook.f.; Phyllorkis retusiuscula (Rchb.f.) Kuntze

Plants 10–14 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 10–20 × 5–11 mm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 2–5 mm; lamina oblong or linear-oblong, 2.5–5.5 × 0.5–1 cm, apex obtuse, retuse. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, suberect, 7–12 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 7–12 cm; rachis reduced, 4–8-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate,  shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3–6 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers orange yellow, dorsal sepal, petals and base of lateral sepals purplish voilet, lip spotted with reddish; 20 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 7–10 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate or suboblong, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, apex subtruncate or obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, 20–25 × 3–4 mm, base adnate to column foot, base and apex connivent, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong or ovate, 3–4 × 3 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip oblong-ligulate, 3–4 × 2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–2 mm, foot 5 mm, with 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 1 mm. Fruit oblong, 8–10 × 5 mm.    

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2100–2600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on large branches of trees in temperate forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: November–December.

Plants 15–19 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome. Pseudobulbs conical, 5 × 5 mm, contiguous, erect, sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 6–7 cm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 11–14 × 1–2 cm, subacute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at or near base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, suberect, 10–15 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 7–13 cm; rachis suberect, 4–5 cm, 5–10-flowered.  Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 10 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3 × 1.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous.  Flowers sepals and petals brownish yellow green with purple striations, lip base spotted red; 5 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals oblong, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent throughout except apex, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong, 2.5–4 × 1 mm, apex subacute, margin erose, glabrous. Lip elliptic-oblong, 3–4 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–2 mm, foot 3 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, 1 mm. Fruit not seen.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, and Assam-Burma.

Altitudinal range: 1000–1500 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: August–September. Fruiting: October–December.

Phyllorkis rolfei Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 676 (1891); Bulbophyllum dyerianum (King & Pantl.) Seidenf.

Plants 3–6 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1.5–2 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 7–15 × 4–8 mm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed or sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 4–7 mm; lamina elliptic-oblong, 2–4 × 0.6–1.2 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence subumbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, suberect, 3–5.5 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 4–5 mm; rachis reduced, 2–4-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1 mm, apex subacute. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 6–8 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green, spotted deep purple, lip dark red-purple; 15 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 5–6 × 2–2.5 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate-triangular, 12–15 × 2–2.5 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals elliptic-ovate, 5–6 × 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, finely papillose toward apex. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 2 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia filiform, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10–15 × 4–5 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and E Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1800–2600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: September–October.

Ione bicolor (Lindl.) Lindl.; Sunipia bicolor Lindl.

Plants 5–9 cm tall. Rhizome sheathless, 1–2 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs obpyriform, 5–15 × 5–10 mm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5–10 mm; lamina oblong, 3–10 × 0.5–1 cm, apex obtuse and retuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, arching, 4–8 cm. Peduncle with 3–4 distantly sheathed bracts, 1.5–4 cm; rachis suberect, 3–6 cm, 3–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 7–10 × 2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals whitish with purplish red striations, lip purple-red; 10 mm across, half to fully open. Pedicel and ovary 2–4 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 10–14 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 10–14 × 1.5 mm, base shortly adnate to column foot, lower edges connate to each other, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals ovate or ovate-oblong, 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip pandurate, 4–5 × 3–5 mm, slightly incurved, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin lacerate, minutely papillate.  Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 0.5 mm without conspicuous free part; stelidia triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 4–5 × 3 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia, S Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1800–2300 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests.

Flowering: October–November. Fruiting: February–May.

Cirrhopetalum roxburghii Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 58 (1830); Bulbophyllum sikkimense (King & Pantl.) J.J.Sm.; Cirrhopetalum sikkimense King & Pantl.

Plants 6–8 cm tall. Rhizomes sheathed, 1–2.5 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid or globose, 5–10 × 3–7 mm, 6–10 mm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathless. Leaf 1, petiole 2–5 mm; lamina oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–10 cm, apex obtuse, obliquely emarginate. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of the leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect or suberect, 5–7 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 5–7 cm; rachis reduced, 6–12-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 4–6 × 1–2 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 2–3 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers orange yellow to pale greenish with reddish purple striations; 7–10 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–4 mm, glabrous.  Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute aristate, margin entire, pubescent at or near edge. Lateral sepals falcately oblong, 7–10 × 2–3 mm, connate except at above base, apex broadly acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals falcately oblong-ovate or narrowly ovate, 2–2.5 × 1 mm, apex sub-acute, margin entire, sparsely pubescent. Lip ovate, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 2.5 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, 1 mm. Fruit not seen.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, S Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 300–600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: April. Fruiting: June–August.

Cirrhopetalum sarcophyllum King & Pantl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64: 335 (1895).

Plants 10–15 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome. Pseudobulbs discoid, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, 3–6 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 1–2 cm; lamina obliquely oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 9–14 × 2–3.5 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, inverted, 8–9 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 8–9 cm; rachis reduced, 3–7-flowered. Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 6–8 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 4–6 × 0.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals yellowish brown with reddish purple spots, lip purplish spotted with dark purple; 8–10 cm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 5–7 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × 2 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, ca. 7–9 × 2 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent only at middle, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals falcately oblong, 2–3 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip oblong, 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–2 mm, foot ca. 2 mm with 1 mm free; stelidia filiform, ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit not seen.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya and Assam-Burma.

Altitudinal range: 300 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: September. Fruiting: November.

Bulbophyllum confertum Hook.f.; Cirrhopetalum caespitosum Wall ex Lindl.

Plants 6–10 cm tall.  Rhizome sheathed, ca. 1 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 7–10 × 3–5 mm, contiguous or less than 8 mm apart on rhizome, erect, sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole ca. 5 mm; lamina linear-oblong, 3–5 × 0.7–1 cm, apex subacute, emarginate. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, suberect, 5–7 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 4–6 cm; rachis reduced, 3–5-flowered. Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 6–7 × 1 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 2–3 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flowers pale yellow green, 6–10 mm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 7–9 × 1.5–2 mm, base adnate to column foot, lower half connivent, apex acuminate-caudate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals broadly ovate, 2–3 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin erose-dentate, glabrous. Lip oblong, 1.5 × 0.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Column ca. 1 mm, foot 1–1.5 mm; stelidia triangular, ca. 1 mm. Fruit globose, 10 × 5 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia, SE Asia and S Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2000–2200 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks in broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: October–November.

Bulbophyllum subparviflorum Z.H.Tsi & S.C.Chen; Phyllorkis secunda (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Plants 4–15 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1–2 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome. Pseudobulbs conic, 4–5 × 5–8 mm, contiguous, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5–10 mm; lamina oblong, 2–8 × 0.3–0.6 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect to suberect, 3–12 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 1.5–10 cm; rachis suberect, 2–6 cm, 6–15-flowered. Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 2–5 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts triangular, shorter than pedicel and ovary, ca. 1 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers pale green, suffused with reddish purple; 3 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 3–5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, pubescent at or near edge. Lateral sepals ovate-triangular, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, base shortly adnate to column foot, free above, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong-spatulate, 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 mm, apex obtuse to rounded, margin entire, papillose and hairy toward tip. Lip ovate-ligulate, 2.5–3 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, lower half glabrous, papillose to hairy in upper half. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 1–1.5 mm, without conspicuous free part; stelidia triangular, 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 3–4 × 2 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1100–2100 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open evergreen forests.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: September–October.

Epidendrum sterile Lam., Encycl. 1: 189 (1783); Bulbophyllum neilgherense Wight, Phyllorkis neilgherensis (Wight) Kuntze

Plants 13–15 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 3.5 × 2 cm, 4–7 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5 mm; lamina elliptic-oblong, 8–14 × 2–3 cm, apex obtuse.  Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, arching, 10–12 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 3–8 cm; rachis suberect, 2–5 cm, 5–15-flowered. Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 10–20 × 3–4 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–7 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flower sepals brown with red markings, petals white, lip yellowish; 6–9 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 5–6 × 4 mm, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, 10 × 5 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals ovate, 3 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, margin erose, glabrous. Lip oblong, 4–5 × 2 mm, deflexed, 3-lobed; lateral lobes triangular, 1.5 × 0.5 mm, apex acute, margin dentate, glabrous; mid-lobe ovate-ligulate, 2.5 × 2 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2.5–3 mm, foot 2 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia triangular, 1 mm. Fruit cylindric, 10 × 4 mm.   

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1100–2100 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open evergreen forests.

Flowering: July–August. Fruiting: September–October.

Dendrobium striatum Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 318 (1851); Sarcopodium striatum (Griff.) Lindl.

Plants 4–7 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 1 mm thick; roots emerging along entire rhizome but often from base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs globose to ovoid, 10–15 × 5–10 mm, 2–4 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 2–4 cm; lamina ovate, elliptic or broadly lanceolate, 3–8 × 1.5–3 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence solitary or rarely 2-3-flowered cyme, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 2–5 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 1–3.5 cm; rachis reduced, 1 or 2–3-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, ca. 10 × 1 mm, apex subacute. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 3–4 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green with purple striations; 6–10 mm across, fully open. Pedicel and ovary 6–8 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 6–9 × 3–4 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-triangular, 7–9 × 3–5 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous.  Petals oblong-lanceolate, 4–6 × 2–2.5 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ovate, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, emarginate, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2.5–3 mm, foot 4 mm with ca. 1 mm; stelidia truncate, 0.5–1 mm. Fruit obovoid, 10–15 × 6 mm.  

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia, S Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1400–2300 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic in evergreen forests.

Flowering: October–November. Fruiting: December–May.

Ione racemosa (Sm.) Seidenf.; Sunipia scariosa Lindl.

Plants 20–30 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid or obliquely ovoid, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5–15 mm; lamina oblong, 7–13 × 1–1.5 cm, apex obtuse and retuse. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, longer than leaf, suberect, 20–30 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 15–23 cm; rachis nodding, 8–11 cm, 10–20-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 7–15 × 1 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts broadly ovate, distichous, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 5–7 × 4–6 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers pale yellow suffused reddish purple, 4–5 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–2.5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 3–4 × 3–3.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, free from column foot, basal portion connivent, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals broadly ovate, 3 × 2.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin truncate-denticulate, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm, straight, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5–2 mm, foot inconspicuous or less than 0.5 mm; stelidia absent or inconspicuous. Fruit ovoid, 4–5 × 3 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1200–1600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests.

Flowering: May–June. Fruiting: August–October.

Phyllorkis tristis (Rchb.f.) Kuntze.

Plants 12–24 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs subglobose, 10–20 × 6–12 mm, 1–2 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaves 2, petiole 4–5 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 5–10.5 × 1–2.5 cm, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect, 10–24 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 8–20 cm; rachis nodding, 2–5 cm, 10–30 flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 2–2.5 × 0.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green, 3–4 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals ovate, 4–5 × 2–2.5 mm, base shortly adnate to column foot, lower half connivent, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals triangular, 1.5–2 × 1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 2–3 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2 mm, foot ca. 2 mm, almost completely free; stelidia acuminately lanceolate, ca. 1 mm. Fruit cylindric, 10–15 × 3 mm.  

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 800–1400 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open, broad-leaved forests.

Flowering: April–May. Fruiting: June–September.

Bulbophyllum saruwatarii Hayata; B. tibeticum Rolfe; Cirrhopetalum saruwatarii (Hayata) Hayata; Phyllorkis umbellata (Lindl.) Kuntze

Plants 10–17 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid or ovoid-conic, 1–4 × 0.5–1.5 cm, 0.5–3 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 1–1.5 cm; lamina oblong, 5–14 × 1–2.5 cm, apex obtuse and emarginate. Inflorescence umbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 6–10 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 6–8 cm; rachis reduced, 2–4-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 1 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 7–12 × 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green with brown purple spots, 10–18 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 10–15 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals falcate-lanceolate, 10–12 × 4–5 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent above, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Petals ovate, 6 × 4 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Lip ligulate, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 2.5–3 mm, foot 4–5.5 mm with 1.5 mm free; stelidia deltoid, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, ca. 20 × 5 mm.  

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, Tibetan Plateau, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1400–2000 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in evergreen forests.

Flowering: April–June. Fruiting: August–November.

Cirrhopetalum viridiflorum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 779 (1890); Phyllorkis viridiflora (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Plants 12–19 cm tall.  Rhizome sheathed or sheathless, 1.5–2 mm thick; roots emerging from entire rhizome but often at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 10–15 × 10 mm, contiguous or less than 5 mm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaves 2, petiole 5 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 6–10 × 1.5–2 cm, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, suberect, 12–18 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 12–15 cm; rachis 4–7, nodding, 10–13-flowered. Peduncle bracts lanceolate, 10–15 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than pedicel and ovary, 4–5 × 2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flower yellowish green, lip purple, column pinkish purple; 10–12 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 8–10 × 3–4 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, 12–15 × 3–4 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent from base to apex, apex subacute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals oblong-lanceolate, 2 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin erose, glabrous. Lip ovate-oblong, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex acute, margin finely erose, glabrous.  Column ca. 1 mm, foot 1.5 mm with 0.5 mm free; stelidia falcately linear, ca. 1-1.5 mm.  Fruit ovoid, ca. 6–8 × 4 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya and Assam-Burma.

Altitudinal range: 1500–2000 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open, evergreen forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: November–December.

Phyllorkis wallichii (Lindl.) Kuntze

Plants 10–12 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic, 10–20 × 5–15 mm, contiguous or less than 5 mm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaves 2, petiole 3–5 mm; lamina oblong to oblong-elliptic, 6–10 × 1–2 cm, apex acute. Inflorescence racemose, arising from rhizome at base of leafless pseudobulb, longer than leaf, erect to suberect, 10–12 cm. Peduncle with distantly sheathed bracts, 5.5–7.5 cm; rachis nodding, 5–5.5 cm, 5–12-flowered. Peduncle bracts oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6–10 × 3 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than pedicel and ovary, 4–6 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Flower sepals and petals yellowish brown, lip white with purplish spots; 4–4.5 cm long, half open. Pedicel and ovary 2–3 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 7–8 × 1 mm, apex long acuminate, margin entire, pubescent towards apex of edge. Lateral sepals oblong, 40–45 × 2–4 mm, base adnate to column foot, connivent entire length except just above base, apex acute, margin entire, sparsely pubescent. Petals obliquely ovate-triangular, 3–5 × 1 mm, apex acuminate, margin irregularly fimbriate-ciliate, surface pubescent. Lip subligulate, 3–3.5 × 1 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, ciliate above, surface above and edge hairy. Column 1–1.5 mm, foot 1 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia linear, 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 6 × 3 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, W Himalaya, Assam-Burma, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1100–1800 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in open forests.

Flowering: May–June. Fruiting: August–September.

Cirrhopetalum brevipes Hook.f.; Phyllorkis brevipes (Hook.f.) Kuntze

Plants 7–12 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 2–3 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs subcylindric, 1.7–3.5 × 0.2–0.4 cm, 4–18 cm apart on rhizome, erect, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5 mm; lamina elliptic-oblong, 5–8 × 1–2 cm, apex obtuse, retuse. Inflorescence subumbellate, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 2–4 cm. Peduncle with overlapped sheathed basal bracts, 1.5–2 cm; rachis reduced, 3–10-flowered. Peduncle bracts ovate, 6–10 × 3–5 mm, apex obtuse. Floral bracts linear, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 7–10 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers sepals and petals white with pink spots and striations, lip dark purple; 10–20 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 9–12 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, 6–7 × 3–4 mm, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepal obliquely oblong-lanceolate, 14–16 × 2–2.5 mm, base shortly adnate to column foot, connivent throughout, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous. Petals broadly ovate-orbicular, 4–5 × 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse, margin entire, finely pubescent. Lip ovate-oblong, 4–5 × 2 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin entire, glabrous. Column 1.5 mm, foot 2–2.5 mm with ca. 1 mm free; stelidia nearly triangular, 0.5 mm. Fruit ovoid, 10–20 × 10 mm. 

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, Assam-Burma and S Asia.

Altitudinal range: 2000–2600 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks and large branches in shady forests.

Flowering: September–October. Fruiting: November–December.

Bulbophyllum otoglossum Tuyama

Bulbophyllum yunnanense  Plants 10–15 cm tall. Rhizome sheathed, 3–4 mm thick; roots emerging from rhizome at base of pseudobulb.  Pseudobulbs falcately ovoid, 2–3 × 0.5–1 cm, contiguous or 5–20 mm apart on rhizome, basal part prostrate on rhizome, base sheathed. Leaf 1, petiole 5–30 mm; lamina elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 4–13 × 1.5–3 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence solitory or 2-flowered raceme, arising from rhizome at base of leafy pseudobulb, shorter than leaf, erect to suberect, 2–6 cm. Peduncle with overlapped sheathed bracts, 1–5 cm; rachis suberect, 0.5–1 cm, 1–2-flowered. Peduncle bracts broadly ovate, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Floral bracts infundibuliform, shorter than pedicel and ovary, 6–10 × 4–5 mm, apex obtuse, glabrous. Flowers yellowish green, spotted with red, lip suffused with red; 15–20 mm across, half open. Pedicel and ovary 30–40 mm, glabrous. Dorsal sepal ovate, 10–15 × 7–10 mm, apex obtuse, truncate, margin entire, glabrous. Lateral sepals broadly ovate, 10–15 × 8–12 mm, base adnate to column foot, free above, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous. Petals elliptic, 7–11 × 5–9 mm, apex obtuse, margin finely erose-denticulate, glabrous. Lip ovate, 10–12 × 4–5 mm, deflexed, unlobed, apex obtuse, margin at base denticulate-lacerate, entire at apex, glabrous. Column 2.5–4 mm, foot 10 mm, with 2–3 mm free; stelidia triangular, ca. 1 mm. Fruit ovoid, 20–30 × 10 mm.

Distribution: Nepal, E Himalaya, E Asia and SE Asia.

Altitudinal range: 1500–1800 m.

Ecology: Epiphytic on tree trunks or epilithic in rock crevices.

Flowering: June–July. Fruiting: August–December.